Stem Cells—Multiple Sources Stem from New Technologies

During the 1980s, a biologist at Stanford University, Irving L. Weissman, was the first to isolate the stem cell that builds human blood (the mammalian hematopoietic cell). Later, Weissman isolated a stem cell in a laboratory mouse and went on to co-found SysTemix, Inc. (now part of drug giant Novartis) and StemCells, Inc. to continue this work in a commercial manner.

In November 1998, two different university-based groups of researchers announced that they had accomplished the first isolation and characterization of the human embryonic stem cell (HESC). One group was led by James A. Thomson at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. The second was led by John D. Gearhart at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine at Baltimore. The HESC is among the most versatile basic building blocks in the human body. Embryos, when first conceived, begin creating small numbers of HESCs, and these cells eventually differentiate and develop into the more than 200 cell types that make up the distinct tissues and organs of the human body. If scientists can reproduce and then guide the development of these basic HESCs, then they could theoretically grow replacement organs and tissues in the laboratory—even such complicated tissue as brain cells or heart cells.

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