Advances in Microscopes Enable Nanotechnology Research

Early scanning devices for matter on the nanoscale came about in the 1980s, including atomic force microscopes (AFMs), scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) and magnetic force microscopes (MFMs), each measuring different forces at the atomic level. These microscopes feature appendages that look like tapered arms. At the tip of the arm might be a single atom. The microscope senses the minute forces around an atom, much like the needle on a record player reads the groove in a record. Other tools are also widely used, such as electrochemistry and electron microscopy. Electrochemistry is the study of chemical bonds and how they are affected by electric currents. Electron microscopy, otherwise known as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), bombards an object with electrons and registers the reactions on a molecular level in order to find the solid parts and the holes of atomic structures. All of these methods are immensely useful in understanding things on the atomic level, and their development heralded the creation of tools that could manipulate nanoscale objects in a practical way.

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