¹ Video Tip
For our brief video introduction to the Green Technology industry, see plunkettresearch.com/video/greentech.
The phrase “green technology” generally refers to the application of advanced systems and services to a wide variety of industry sectors in order to improve sustainability and efficiency. That means that the goals could include: reduction of waste, spoilage and shrinkage; improvement of energy efficiency and energy conservation; creation of systems that are energy self-sustaining; the reduction of carbon emissions; a reduction in toxic waste and the emission of toxic gasses such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs); creation of products that are biodegradable; enhancement of water conservation and water quality; and promotion of the reuse and recycling of materials of all types.
Determining the size of the green technology market is difficult at best. A large number of companies, in a very wide variety of industries, deliver green tech products or services as at least a part of their total offerings, but the actual revenues are difficult to ascertain. Many small and startup companies are involved as well. Considered in the broadest possible terms, for green tech activities, products and services of all types, Plunkett Research estimates the green tech sector to represent about 5% of global GDP for 2015, or approximately $3.75 trillion.
The energy sector, in all of its many facets, is unquestionably a major part of the green tech field. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) counted, as of 2015, more than 600 publicly-held companies worldwide in the clean energy value chain, with at least moderate corporate exposure to renewable energy or smart technologies. For 2014, the firm estimated global investment in clean energy at $310 billion, up from $254 billion in 2013.
The application of green technologies, systems and practices need not be especially high tech in nature. For example, better design and engineering is creating packaging that is lighter in weight, more recyclable and less reliant on petrochemicals. This improved engineering is also leading both to products and their related packaging that have a smaller footprint—thus more units can be shipped in one shipping container, cutting down on the total amount of energy used in transporting a large volume of merchandise.
The global consumer class (the “middle class” segment of the population—those with at least enough income to make a modest amount of discretionary purchases) is booming. The middle class grew from about 1.1 billion in 1980 to more than 2 billion today, and is expected by to soar to 5 billion by 2030. This rapid expansion will put tremendous pressure on resources of all types, including energy, water, food, construction materials and industrial materials. Moreover, this soaring demand will put powerful upward pressure on prices, which, in turn, will make the cost of greener conservation and efficiency technologies increasingly easy to justify.
In general, the technologies and related services in the “green” sector can be grouped into the following categories:
Energy
· Renewable and alternative energy production
· Energy conservation (including more efficient buildings, processes, vehicles and other modes of transportation)
· Energy storage
Water
· Water conservation (residential, industrial and agricultural)
· Water recycling
· Production of usable water from alternative sources, such as desalination
Environmental and Pollution Devices and Services
· Waste management, disposal and recycling
· Toxic waste elimination, remediation
· Emission control
· Inspection, engineering, testing and consulting
· Product and systems design and re-engineering
Engineering, Architecture and Design
· Product design
· Industrial process improvement
· Factory automation
· Packaging
· Heating and air conditioning efficiencies
· Lighting efficiencies
Other Resources
· Recycling and conservation of metals, woods, paper, chemicals and plastics
· Conservation of land, waterways and wildlife habitat
Primary industry sectors targeted for the application of green technologies include:
· Agriculture
· Food processing and distribution
· Oil and gas
· Manufacturing and other industrial processes
· Transportation, logistics and shipping
· Automobiles and trucks
· Construction, building operation and building maintenance
· Power generation and distribution
· Water systems
· Retailing
· Supply chains
Green technology affects these sectors in a wide variety of ways. For example, the broad field of energy continues to produce transportation fuel and electricity in a largely traditional manner (from natural gas, coal and petroleum). At the same time, however, a very significant effort within the energy sector is focused on conservation and efficiency as well as the development of renewable energy sources. In fact, throughout the green technology field, conservation is where the low-hanging fruit lies. The easiest green solutions will be in better insulation in buildings; lighter materials in cars, trucks and airplanes; reduction of today’s massive leaks in municipal water systems; and better storage, in the emerging world, of agricultural products in order to reduce spoilage.
Simply making efficiency, in materials and energy usage, a consideration in engineering and design of all types is already having a dramatic effect on sustainability. For example, Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer by far, set a goal for its suppliers to reduce packaging on average by 5% from 2008 to 2013. At first glance, this may not sound like much, but the fact is that the amount of packaged products that flow through Wal-Mart in a given year, with its $470 billion+ in annual revenues, is so massive that 5% adds up to a tremendous amount.
As part of this process, the company has created a sustainable packaging scorecard for more than 627,000 items that are sold in its stores and Sam’s Clubs. The scorecard evaluates the environmental attributes of packaging, and enables its suppliers to measure whether or not their packaging reduces energy consumption, cuts waste and fosters sustainability. The company even has an annual “Sustainable Packaging Expo” where its suppliers can meet with leading packaging manufacturers and designers to learn about the latest technologies and innovations. With its 6,000 long-haul trucks in the U.S., Wal-Mart has set a goal of doubling fleet efficiency from 2005 levels by the end of 2015. Long term, Wal-Mart has set a goal of being packaging-neutral by 2025. That is, the company plans to be recycling packaging and waste to the extent that it uses no more packaging materials than it creates. By 2013, the company was already 80% effective in this regard.
Internet Research Tip:
Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, has set dramatic goals for the application of the latest green technologies in packaging, energy and other areas. To see the results go to: http://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/environmental-sustainability .
Future answers to green challenges will be found in areas as diverse as highly efficient automobiles that virtually drive themselves, lighter aircraft bodies and changes in building materials. Convergence of multiple technologies (including nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technologies, such as artificial intelligence and predictive analytics), along with the continuing advance of miniaturization, will guide these efforts.
The electric utilities industry has told us for decades that it is a lot easier and cheaper to conserve electricity through the use of efficient industrial systems, buildings and appliances than it is to build more capacity to generate additional power. However, conservation is not an immediate fix; instead, it is a long-term evolution. For example, a few decades ago, one of the major expenders of energy in a typical American home was the gas pilot light, burning 24/7 on furnaces, cooking stoves and water heaters. Today’s appliances don’t have pilot lights; they have on-demand electric igniters, so that no gas is burned while the appliance is idle. Likewise, today’s refrigerators use about 75% less electricity than the refrigerators of 1975, while holding 20% more capacity, because they feature better insulation and more efficient cooling systems. Otis, a world leader in elevator design and manufacturing, recently introduced its Gen2 elevator, which uses up to 75% less electricity than previous models. These are good examples of well-engineered, extremely cost-effective reductions in energy usage, but such changes take time. We didn’t see old-technology refrigerators tossed out of all homes in America at once.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that for 2013 alone, companies and government agencies in large nations invested $130 billion in energy efficiency. Energy conserved through the application of advanced appliances, technologies and methods may be referred to as “avoided energy.” A continuing result of widespread interest in reducing energy usage has been impressive growth in revenues at companies that provide goods and services that boost energy conservation.
Ever since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, factories have been burning such fuels as coal and natural gas to make steam, flame their furnaces and turn their engines, but historically they let the resulting excess heat escape through stacks. Now, with the concept of co-generation (or CHP, “combined heat and power”), this is less and less likely to be the case. In manufacturing plants, co-generation is being widely applied as a simple, relatively low tech method to capture and reuse factory heat that is generated by industrial processes. That salvaged heat may be used in any of several ways to power a turbine that creates electricity. The electricity can then be used by the factory, sold to the grid, or both.
Oil and gas fields are becoming much more efficient. For decades oil fields flared off excess gas in brilliant, multi-story towers of flame, even in Alaska, relatively close to the lower 48 states’ gas-hungry consumers. Today, except in the remotest fields, that is less likely to happen, as investments have been made in gathering systems and pipelines to bring the gas to market. Meanwhile, advanced technologies and practices are enabling older fields to be productive for much longer periods of time, greatly increasing the total amount of oil and gas that each well will produce over a lifetime.
Nanotechnology, an advanced materials science, is one of the most exciting technical breakthroughs in the world today. Throughout the energy arena, the list of potential applications for nanotechnology to enhance production, energy storage and conservation of all types continues to grow. For example, a lot of time and money is being invested in research using nanotube technology to create highly efficient electricity storage devices—essentially giant batteries. Success could bring a significant breakthrough for the solar and wind energy industries, where storage solutions are vital to making alternative power generation more viable. Cost-effective ways to store electricity would mean that wind power could be captured when the wind is blowing and utilized later, and solar power could likewise be banked.
Applications of nanotechnology will include such areas as improved drilling (for instance, the ability to withstand harsh environments, high temperatures and the high pressures of deep wells), drilling fluids, “smart” drill bits, enhanced methods for downhole measurement and monitoring, long-lasting coatings and improved post-drilling water filtration. A NanoEnergy conference was held in Colorado in 2011, covering the use of nanotechnology in solar power, biofuels, water technologies and ultra-efficient alternative energy production. A similar conference was held in London in February 2014.
Tremendous strides in green technology are also being made throughout the transportation services and transport equipment industries. Lee Schipper, a Senior Engineer at the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center at Stanford University, pointed out that air transportation in developed countries today uses 50% to 60% less energy per passenger-kilometer travelled than it did in the early 1970s, and trucking uses 10% to 25% less fuel per ton-kilometer. Additional developments in transportation include the use of natural gas to fuel public transportation and the development of energy-efficient light rail.
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